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Cognitive Distortions

1. Mind reading: You assume you know what people think without having sufficient evidence of their thoughts. "He thinks I'm a loser."

2. Fortune telling: You predict the future; things will get worse or there is danger ahead. "I'll fail that exam" and "I won't get the job."

3. Catastrophizing: You believe that what has happened or will happen is so awful and unbearable that you won't be able to stand it. "It would be terrible if I failed."

4. Labeling: You assign global negative traits to yourself and others. "I'm undesirable" or "He's a rotten person."

5. Discounting positives: You claim that the positives you or others attain are trivial: "That's what wives are supposed to do, so it doesn't count when she's nice to me." "Those successes were easy, so they don't matter."

6. Negative filter: You focus almost exclusively on the negatives and seldom notice the positives. "Look at all the people who don't like me."

7. Over generalizing: You perceive a global pattern of negatives on the basis of a single incident. "This generally happens to me. I seem to fail at a lot of things."

8. Dichotomous thinking: You view events or people in all-or-nothing terms. "I get rejected by everyone" or "It was a waste of time."

9. Should's: You interpret events in terms of how things should be rather than simply focusing on what is. "I should do well. If I don't, then I'm a failure."

10. Personalizing: You assign a disproportionate amount of blame to yourself for negative happenings and fail to see that certain events are also caused by others. "The marriage ended because I failed."

11. Blaming: You focus on the other person as the source of your negative feelings, and you refuse to take responsibility for changing yourself. "She's to blame for the way I feel now" or "My parents caused all my problems."

12. Unfair comparisons: You interpret events in terms of standards that are un-realistic; for example, you focus primarily on others who do better than you and find yourself inferior by comparison. "She's more successful than I am" or "Others did better than I on the test."

13. Regret orientation: You focus on the idea that you could have done better in the past, rather than on what you can do better now. "I could have had a better job if I had tried" or "I shouldn't have said that."

14. What if?: You keep asking a series of questions about "what if" something happens, and fail to be satisfied with any of the answers. "Yeah, but what if I get anxious? Or what if I can't catch my breath?"

15. Emotional reasoning: You let your feelings guide your interpretation of reality; "I feel depressed, therefore my marriage is not working out."

16. Inability to disconfirm: You reject any evidence or arguments that might contradict your negative thoughts. When you think, "I'm unlovable," you reject as irrelevant any evidence that people like you. Consequently, your thought cannot be refuted: "That's not the real issue. There are deeper problems. There are other factors."

17. Judgment focus: You view yourself, others, and events in terms of evaluations of goodbad or superiorinferior, rather than simply describing, accepting, or understanding. You are continually measuring yourself and others according to arbitrary standards, finding that you and others fall short. You are focused on the judgments of others as well as your own judgments of yourself. "I didn't perform well in college" or "If I take up tennis, I won't do well" or "Look how successful she is. I'm not successful."

Twelve Questions to Ask About an Automatic Thought

1. Which cognitive distortion are you using? Are you engaging in labeling, all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing?

2. How much do you believe in this thought?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this thought?

4. What is the evidence for and against this thought?

5. What is the quality of the evidence you are using? Could you convince a jury that your negative interpretation is the best or only valid one?

6. What if the thought is true? Why would that bother you?

7. Even if the thought is true, could you think of other positive behaviors that you might engage in despite this?

8. If someone else had this problem, what advice would you give him?

9. If someone else had this problem, would you judge him as negatively as you judge yourself? Why or why not?

10. How many times in the past have you had this kind of thought? Have you ever been wrong?

11. Is there something you could do to determine if this thought is true?

12. If the thought is true, are there some things you can do to improve the situation?

http://www.cognitivetherapynyc.com/default.asp

 

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