1. Daily stretches to the gastrocnemius–soleus complex, hip flexors and iliotibial band.

2. Encourage voluntary active exercise such as swimming or hydrotherapy and cycling (may be motor assisted).

3. Symmetry to be promoted in posture, exercises and activities.

4. Eccentric activities such as running downhill and excessive walking downstairs to be avoided.

B. Non-ambulant children

1. Mobilising passive or active assisted exercises to maintain and promote symmetry and comfort. These may be land based programmes or in water if preferred.

Wheelchair/seating prescription, respiratory and spinal management have not been discussed in this workshop but they are clearly important issues that need consideration in the holistic management of the young person.

C. Ortosis

1. Night-time AFOs in addition to stretching daily are recommended for ambulant children with DMD to maintain the length of the gastrocnemius–soleus complex. There is no evidence on when to supply night splints but it is recommended that this be when there is loss of dorsiflexion.

2. AFOs are not recommended for ambulant children with DMD as this compromises their ability to walk by preventing characteristic equinus gait. In ambulant children with other neuromuscular disorders careful assessment is essential to ensure that walking is not compromised.

3. Clinical experience suggests that daytime AFOs should be supplied once ambulation is lost to prevent painful contractures and foot deformity. If tenotomies are performed in the non-ambulant child AFOs should be worn during the day.

4. KAFOs can be used to prolong ambulation for approximately 2 years in DMD. They can also help delay the onset of lower limb contractures and weaker evidence suggests that prolonging ambulation beyond 13 years may delay the onset of scoliosis. They should be supplied at the time of loss of ambulation by an orthotist with experience in neuromuscular disorders.

5. The benefit of a standing posture in the non-ambulant child to control contractures is logical but not evidenced. Standing frames or swivel walkers may be used in children with neuromuscular disorders.

D. Adults with muscular dystrophy

1. An accurate diagnosis should be made so that the possible complications and manifestations of the disease can be considered in devising a physical treatment plan and assessment programme.

2. The possibility of overuse fatigue, pain or weakness should be considered especially in FSH muscular dystrophy but there is no reliable evidence to suggest that exercise is contraindicated.

3. Active low resistance exercise may be prescribed to improve strength and endurance in relatively well maintained muscles (stronger than grade 3 MRC scale).

4. Where possible active exercise on a regular basis to promote general physical health to be encouraged.

5. Patients with myotonic dystrophy may be given an active resisted exercise regime but may need additional support and motivation.

6. Avoid inspiratory breath holding techniques in myotonic dystrophy.

7. AFOs may be used in ambulant patients with foot drop but not effective if plantar grade cannot be achieved