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The Dawn of History (Sumer, Egypt): 3000 bce | | | From the Patriarchs to the Babylonian Exile (Israel): 2000-597bce | | | After the Babylonian Exile (Judaism):538 bce-70ce | | | Early Christianity (Early to Late Roman Period): 30-311 ce | | | Rabbinic Period (Early Roman to Byzantine Period): 70-400/600 ce | | The Dawn of History (Sumer, Egypt): ca. 3000 BCE Early Dynastic period (Akkad): ca. 2800
Old Kingdom period (Egypt): ca. 2700-2400
Ebla flourishes: ca. 2500-2200
From the Patriarchs to the Babylonian Exile (Israel): ca. 2000-587 BCE Middle Kingdom period (Egypt): 2100-1780
Old Babylonian period: ca. 2000-1750
Abraham & Sarah, Isaac & Ishmael (traditional dates): ca. 1850/1750/1700
Old Assyrian period: ca. 1900-1400
Hammurabi: ca. 1792-1750
Hittite empire: ca. 1750-1200
Hyksos in Egypt: ca. 1700-1550
Kassite period (Babylonia): ca. 1600-1150
New Kingdom period (Egypt): ca. l570-1085
Ugaritic texts: ca. 1500-1200
Middle Assyrian period: ca. 1400-900
Amarna period (Egypt): ca. 1400-1300
Exodus from Egypt, Sinai Torah, Canaan Entry (traditional dates. No extra-biblical evidence): ca. 1250-1200
Sea Peoples invade Egypt and Syro-Palestine: ca. 1200
Period of the Judges (Israel): ca. 1200-1050/1000
Middle Babylonian period: ca. 1150-900
Hebrew prophets (Samuel to Malachi): ca. 1050-450
Monarchical period in Israel: ca. 1000-587
Saul (first king): ca. 1030-1010
David, and Jerusalem as capital: ca. 1010-970
Solomon, and building of the Jerusalem temple: ca. 970-931
Secession of Northern Kingdom (Israel) from Southern Kingdom (Judah): ca. 931
Neo-Assyrian period: 900-612
Israelite Prophets Amos, Hosea, First Isaiah: 750-725
Northern Kingdom (Israel) destroyed: 722/721
Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean period: 612-538
Josiah (Judean King) and Deuteronomic Reforms: 620
Judean Prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel: ca. 600-580
Southern Kingdom (Judah) and Temple destroyed -- Babylonian exile: 587/586
Judean Prophet "Second Isaiah": ca. 550
After the Babylonian Exile (Judaism in 2d Temple period): ca. 538 BCE-70 CE Persian Period: 538-333
Edict of Cyrus (first return from Exile): 538
Jerusalem temple rebuilt (Second Temple): 520-515
Judean Prophet Haggai: 520
Religious, textual, and political reforms by Ezra and Nehemiah: 450-400
Torah (Pentateuch = first division of Jewish Scriptures) gains recognition as Scripture: ca. 450
Hellenistic (Greek) period: 333-63 BCE
Alexander the Great conquers Palestine: 333/331
Judaism under Greek Ptolemies: ca. 320-200
Judaism under Greek Seleucids: ca 200-168
Translation(s) of Torah into Greek (so-called Septuagint or LXX): ca. 250
Roman influence begins in East Mediterranean: ca. 230-146
Prophets (second division of Jewish Scriptures) recognized by some as Scripture by ca. 200
Jewish Qumran community: ca. 200 BCE-135 CE
Jewish Maccabean revolt & Hasmonean rule: 168/167-63 BCE
Rome (Pompey) annexes Palestine: 63 BCE
Herod the Great (Client-king of Rome in Palestine, of Idumaean/Jewish origin): 37-4 BCE
Hillel & Shammai (Jewish sages): turn of the era
Rome establishes direct rule of prefects in Judea: 6 CE
Philo Judaeus of Alexandria: ca. 13 BCE-after 41 CE
Jesus: before 4 BCE-ca. 30 CE
Gamliel/Gamaliel I (Jewish leader-scholar): fl. ca. 40 CE
Paul (Jewish leader, of Greek culture, and Roman citizenship): fl. 36-64 CE
Josephus (Jewish priest and general from Palestine, historian): ca. 37-100 CE
Christian Testament (NT) writings: ca. 50-125 CE
Early Christianity (Early to Late Roman Period): 30-311 CE
Rabbinic Period (Early Roman to Byzantine Period): 70-400/600 CE First Jewish Revolt against Rome: 66-73
Destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple: 70
Establishment of Jewish center for study at Yavneh/Jamnia
Gamaliel II excludes sectarians (including Christians) from the synagogues: ca. 90-100
Writings (third and last division of Jewish Scriptures) discussed and accepted as sacred scripture: ca. 90-150
Jewish Revolts against Rome outside Palestine: 114-117
Rabbi Aqiba: 120-135
Bar Kokhba rebellion (Second Jewish Revolt): 132-135
Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina, Jews forbidden to dwell there
Mishnah compiled/edited in Galilee under Judah the Prince: ca. 200
Sporadic persecutions of Christianity by Rome: to 311
Origen (Christian scholar, biblical interpreter): fl. 200-254
Babylonian Jewish Academy founded at Sura by Rab: ca. 220
Rise of Mani/Manichaeism: 240-276
Babylonian Jews flourish (as does Manichaeism) under Persian King Shapur I: ca. 250
Early development of Christian monasticism in Egypt: 250-330
Eusebius (Christian author, historian): 263-339
Violent persecution of Christians by Emperor Diocletian: 303
Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity: 312/313
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